Tone 33 Morphemes in Penang Hokkien using Taiji Romanisation
Go BackTone 33 Morphemes are meaning-carrying syllables that do not of tone 3 and retain their tone when they sandhi. These morphemes correspond with tone 7 in the Church Romanisation system of Hokkien. While the Church Romanisation uses the macron over the vowel, for example tāng, Taiji Romanisation uses tone 33, thus tang33.
When writing in Taiji Romanisation, one may opt to show the tone 33 as it is, or as simply 3. This option is open because Taiji Romanisation reflects the pronunciation at output. Therefore, the same tone is pronounced whether it is shown as 33 or 3. Nonetheless, one is encouraged to write 33 whenever it appears.
The following are morphemes with tone 33 that I have assembled:
- a33si33
if - be33 cannot
- beo33 temple
- ban33 slow, ten thousand
- bang33 net, dream
- beh33 sell
- bin33 face
- ce33 many, much
- ceh33 to sit
- chiu33 morpheme for tree
- cor33 how
- e33 can
- gong33 stupid
- gor33 five
- gua33 outer
- haeh33 put
- hien33 see, vision
- hor33 give
- jee33 two
- ji33 word
- jin33 to recognize
- jio33 urine
- jor33 how
- kin33 near
- kio33 sedan
- ku33 old
- lai33 inner
- lang33 to taunt, to mock
- lau33 old, funnel
- lor33 road
- luan33 to make noise
- mia33 life
- mm33 negator particle
- nia33 only
- nor33 two
- si33 if
- siang33 same
- su33 island, matter
- tang33 heavy, dark
- tee33-tee33 continuously, constantly
- ti33 morpheme for siblings
- tnia33-tnia33 continuously, constantly
- tong33 cave; touch
- tor33 intestine, blot
- tua33 big, old
- uh33 to have
- wa33 language, word
- yong33 to use
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